Numerical simulation of water and heat transport in the cathode channel of a PEM fuel cell

Cathode channel of a PEM fuel cell is the critical domain for the transport of water and heat. In this study, a mathematical model of water and heat transport in the cathode channel is established by considering two-phase flow of water and air as well as the phase change between water and vapor. The transport process of the species of air is governed by the convection-diffusion equation. The VOSET (coupled volume-of-fluid and level set method) method is used to track the interface between air and water, and the phase equilibrium method of water and vapor is employed to calculate the mass transfer rate on the two-phase interface. The present model is validated against the results in the literature, then applied to investigate the characteristics of two-phase flow and heat transfer in the cathode channel. The results indicate that in the inlet section, water droplets experience three evolution stages: the growing stage, the coalescence stage and the generation stage of dispersed water drops. However, in the middle and outlet sections of the channel, there are only two stages: the growth of water droplets, and the formation of a water film. The mass transfer rate of phase change in the inlet section of the channel varies over time, exhibiting an initial increase, a decrease followed, and a stabilization finally, with the maximum and stable values of 1.78 × 10^?4 kg/s and 1.52 × 10^?4 kg/s for Part 1, respectively. In the middle and outlet sections, the mass transfer rate increase firstly and then keeps stable gradually. Furthermore, regarding the distribution of the temperature and vapor mass fraction in the channel, near the upper surface of the channel, the temperature and vapor mass fraction first change slightly (x < 0.03 m) and then rapidly decrease with fluctuations (x > 0.03 m). In the middle of the channel, the temperature and vapor mass fraction slowly decrease with fluctuation.     

Core–Shell Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen is a promising solution for the conversion and storage of solar energy. Because sluggish water oxidation is the bottleneck of water splitting, the design and preparation of an efficient photoanode is intensively investigated. Currently, all known photoanode materials suffer from at least one of the following drawbacks: ① low carriers separation efficiency; ② sluggish surface water oxidation reaction; ③ poor long-term stability; ④ insufficient water adsorption and gas desorption. Core–shell configurations can endow a photoanode with improved activity and stability by coating an overlayer that plays energetic, catalytic, and/or protective roles. The construction strategy has an important effect on the activity of a core–shell photoanode. Nonetheless, the mechanism for the improvement of performance is still ambiguous and is worthy of a closer examination. In this review, the successes and challenges of core–shell photoanodes for water oxidation, focusing on synthesis strategies as well as functionalities (facilitating carrier separation, surface reaction promotion, corrosion prevention, and bubble detachment) are explored. Finally, the perspectives of this class of materials in terms of new opportunities and efforts are discussed.     

改进的CAGAN在虚拟试衣中的应用

针对CAGAN（Conditional Analogy GAN）换衣后效果模糊，在目标衣服与原始衣服长短不一致时效果一般，相对目标衣服保留过少的细节等问题做了相关研究并对CAGAN进行了改进，提出了新的虚拟试衣方式。经过改进的CAGAN生成一个粗糙的结果，由该结果得到目标衣服穿在模特身上改变形状后的mask，接下来利用mask对目标衣服进行变形，综合变形的衣服和第一步的结果便得到最终的试衣图像。实验结果表明，该方法解决了前面存在的问题，而且取得了非常好的效果。     

Ni activated Mo2C nanoparticles supported on stereotaxically-constructed graphene for efficient overall water splitting

Exploring cost-effective, high-efficiency and stable electrocatalysts for overall water splitting is greatly desirable and challenging for sustainable energy. Herein, a novel designed Ni activated molybdenum carbide nanoparticle loaded on stereotaxically-constructed graphene (SCG) using two steps facile strategy (hydrothermal and carbonization) as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. The optimized Ni/Mo₂C(1:20)-SCG composites exhibit excellent performance with a low overpotential of 150 mV and 330 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively to obtain a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 in 1.0 M KOH solution. In addition, when the optimized Ni/Mo₂C(1:20)-SCG composite is used as a bifunctional electrode for overall water splitting, the electrochemical cell required a low cell voltage of 1.68 V at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 and long-term stability of 24 h. More significantly, the synergetic effects between Ni-activated Mo₂C nanoparticles and SCG are regarded as a significant contributor to accelerate charge transfer and promote electrocatalytic performance in hybrid electrocatalysts. Our works introduce a novel approach to design advanced bifunctional electrodes for overall water splitting.     

Design of a Multilayered Oxygen-Evolution Electrode with High Catalytic Activity and Corrosion Resistance for Saline Water Splitting

The realization of seawater electrolysis requires high-performing anode materials that should possess good catalytic activity, stability, and specificity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as well as high resistance toward chloride corrosion. Herein, the design of a multilayered oxygen-evolution electrode is reported to meet the multiple needs of anode material for saline water splitting. The multilayered electrode is synthesized through direct thermal boronization of commercially available NiFe alloy plate with boron powder, followed by electrochemical oxidation. And this electrode is composed of the surface oxidized NiFeBx alloy layer, the NiFeBx alloy interlayer, and the NiFe alloy substrate. The boron species are present in the form of metaborate in the outermost oxidized NiFeBx layer, and their existence is conductive to the generation and stabilization of the catalytic active phase γ-(Ni,Fe)OOH. The introduction of NiFeBx interlayer effectively prevents the excessive oxidative corrosion of the anode material in the electrolyte containing chloride ions.     

Reusable Polyacrylonitrile-Sulfur Extractor of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater

Mercury, lead, and cadmium are among the most toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal ions (HMIs), posing serious threats to the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and public health. There is an urgent need to remove these ions from water by a cheap but green process. Traditional methods have insufficient removal efficiency and reusability. Structurally robust, large surface-area adsorbents functionalized with high-selectivity affinity to HMIs are attractive filter materials. Here, an adsorbent prepared by vulcanization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a nitrogen-rich polymer, is reported, giving rise to PAN-S nanoparticles with cyclic π-conjugated backbone and electronic conductivity. PAN-S can be coated on ultra-robust melamine (ML) foam by simple dipping and drying. In agreement with hard/soft acid/base theory, N- and S-containing soft Lewis bases have strong binding to Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺, with extraordinary capture efficiency and performance stability. Furthermore, the used filters, when collected and electrochemically biased in a recycling bath, can release the HMIs into the bath and electrodeposit on the counter-electrode as metallic Hg⁰, Pb⁰, Cu⁰, and Cd⁰, and the PAN-S@ML filter can then be reused at least 6 times as new. The electronically conductive PAN-S@ML filter can be fabricated cheaply and holds promise for scale-up applications.     

基于PolyWorks虚拟装配间隙面差计算分析研究

随着当今社会汽车制造业的迅猛发展,高标准和高需求已经是消费者对汽车制造凯歌的主旋律。而这其中,汽车钣金件的间隙面差就是其中一个重要因素。快速检测间隙面差是否满足设计要求直接关系到汽车白车身的生产精度和企业的工作效率。传统计算间隙面差大多利用量具,易划伤被测物且在零件实际装配后才可测量,降低生产效率,而非接触测量造价昂贵。本课题基于实物的汽车钣金件虚拟装配,对间隙面差的计算方法进行分类与参数调整,提出一种高效率、高标准的间隙面差计算流程。     

煤化工酸水汽提装置运行存在问题及解决方法

本文简述了酸水汽提工艺的发展概况和技术进展,详细介绍了煤化工酸水汽提装置实际运行中存在的几类主要问题,并提出切实可行的解决措施,具有一定的借鉴意义。